ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the adherence to measures of social distancing in children and adolescents studied in three national surveys conducted in Brazil between May–June 2020. METHODS Three national serological surveys were conducted in 133 sentinel cities located in all 27 Federative Units. Multistage probability sampling was used to select 250 individuals per city. The total sample size in age ranges 0–9 and 10–19 years old are of 4,263 and 8,024 individuals, respectively. Information on children or adolescents was gathered with a data collection app, and a rapid point-of-case test for SARS-CoV-2 was conducted on a finger prick blood sample. RESULTS The adjusted prevalence of antibodies was 2.9% (2.2–3.6) among children 0–9 years, 2.2% (1.8–2.6) among adolescents 10-19 years, and 3.0% (2.7–3.3) among adults 20+years. Prevalence of antibodies was higher among poor children and adolescents compared to those of rich families. Adherence to social distancing measures was seen in 72.4% (71.9–73.8) of families with children, 60.8% (59.6–61.9) for adolescents, and 57.4% (56.9–57.8) for adults. For not leaving the house except for essential matters the proportions were 81.7% (80.5–82.9), 70.6% (69.6–61.9), and 65.1% (64.7–65.5), respectively. Among children and adolescents, social distancing was strongly associated with socioeconomic status, being much higher in the better-off families. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 showed comparable levels among children, adolescents, and adults. Adherence to social distancing measures was more prevalent in children, followed by adolescents. There were important socioeconomic differences in the adherence to social distancing among children and adolescents.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and the adherence to measures of social distancing in children and adolescents studied in three national surveys conducted in Brazil between May–June 2020. METHODS Three national serological surveys were conducted in 133 sentinel cities located in all 27 Federative Units. Multistage probability sampling was used to select 250 individuals per city. The total sample size in age ranges 0–9 and 10–19 years old are of 4,263 and 8,024 individuals, respectively. Information on children or adolescents was gathered with a data collection app, and a rapid point-of-case test for SARS-CoV-2 was conducted on a finger prick blood sample. RESULTS The adjusted prevalence of antibodies was 2.9% (2.2–3.6) among children 0–9 years, 2.2% (1.8–2.6) among adolescents 10-19 years, and 3.0% (2.7–3.3) among adults 20+years. Prevalence of antibodies was higher among poor children and adolescents compared to those of rich families. Adherence to social distancing measures was seen in 72.4% (71.9–73.8) of families with children, 60.8% (59.6–61.9) for adolescents, and 57.4% (56.9–57.8) for adults. For not leaving the house except for essential matters the proportions were 81.7% (80.5–82.9), 70.6% (69.6–61.9), and 65.1% (64.7–65.5), respectively. Among children and adolescents, social distancing was strongly associated with socioeconomic status, being much higher in the better-off families. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 showed comparable levels among children, adolescents, and adults. Adherence to social distancing measures was more prevalent in children, followed by adolescents. There were important socioeconomic differences in the adherence to social distancing among children and adolescents.

ABSTRACT Background: Large-scale epidemiological studies of seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 often rely on point-of-care tests that provide immediate results to participants. Yet, little is known on how long rapid tests remain positive after the COVID-19 episode, or how much variability exists across different brands and even among batches of the same test. Methods: In November 2020, we assessed the sensitivity of three tests applied to 133 individuals with a previous positive PCR result between April and October. All subjects provided finger prick blood samples for two batches (A and B) of the Wondfo lateral-flow IgG/IgM test, and dried blood spot samples for the S-UFRJ ELISA test. Results: Overall sensitivity levels were 92.5% (95% CI 86.6-96.3), 63.2% (95% CI 54.4-71.4) and 33.8% (95% CI 25.9-42.5) for the S-UFRJ test, Wondfo A and Wondfo B tests, respectively. There was no evidence of a decline in the positivity of S-UFRJ with time since the diagnosis, but the two Wondfo batches showed sharp reductions to as low as 41.9% and 19.4%, respectively, for subjects with a positive PCR in June or earlier. Positive results for batch B of the rapid test were 35% to 54% lower than for batch A at any given month of diagnosis. Interpretation: Whereas the ELISA test showed high sensitivity and stability of results over the five months of the study, both batches of the rapid test showed substantial declines, with one of the batches consistently showing lower sensitivity levels than the other. ELISA tests based on dried-blood spots are an inexpensive alternative to rapid lateral-flow tests in large-scale epidemiological studies.

RESUMO Objetivos. Identificar evidências de que renda, escolaridade ou grupo étnico poderiam estar associados ao baixo peso ao nascer, recém-nascido pequeno para a idade gestacional ou prematuridade. Métodos. Um estudo de revisão sistemática foi realizado fazendo-se buscas em duas bases de dados online, PubMed e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS). As buscas abrangeram os materiais publicados entre 1o de janeiro de 1982 e 5 de maio de 2016. Os termos de busca usados foram: (“infant, premature” OR “infant, small for gestational age” OR “fetal growth retardation”) [(“recém-nascido, prematuro” OU “recém-nascido, pequeno para idade gestacional” OU “retardo do crescimento fetal”)] E (“socioeconomic factors” OR “ethnic groups” OR “maternal age”) [(“fatores socioeconômicos” OU “grupos étnicos” OU “idade materna”)]. Resultados. Todas as 3.070 referências que satisfizeram os critérios iniciais de seleção foram analisadas e 157 estudos relevantes foram lidos na íntegra. Foram identificados 18 estudos que investigaram a associação entre renda familiar ou materna, escolaridade ou grupo étnico com baixo peso ao nascer, recém-nascido pequeno para a idade gestacional ou prematuridade. Dentre os 18 estudos, 10 foram conduzidos em países de alta renda e 8 em países de baixa e média renda. Um volume maior de evidências foi observado para a associação entre grupo étnico e os três desfechos estudados, sobretudo prematuridade em filhos de mulheres negras. Poucas evidências foram encontradas para a associação entre renda familiar/materna ou escolaridade e qualquer um dos três desfechos. Conclusões. Renda e escolaridade não foram determinantes do baixo peso ao nascer, recém-nascido pequeno para a idade gestacional e prematuridade. Porém, o grupo étnico negro teve uma forte associação com os três desfechos, sobretudo com prematuridade.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To identify evidence that income, education, or ethnicity might be associated with low birthweight, small-for-gestational-age birth, or preterm birth. Methods. A systematic review was conducted using searches in two online databases, PubMed and Literature in the Health Sciences in Latin America and the Caribbean (LILACS). The searches covered materials published between 1 January 1982 and 5 May 2016. The search terms used were (“infant, premature” OR “infant, small for gestational age” OR “fetal growth retardation”) AND (“socioeconomic factors” OR “ethnic groups” OR “maternal age”). Results. A total of 3 070 references that met the initial selection criteria were analyzed, and 157 relevant studies were fully read. We located 18 studies that investigated associations of family or maternal income, education, or ethnicity with low birthweight, small-for-gestational-age birth, or preterm birth. Of the 18, 10 of them involved high-income countries, and 8 dealt with middle- or low-income countries. Greater evidence was found for an association between ethnicity and the three outcomes studied, particularly for prematurity among children of black mothers. There was little evidence for an association between maternal/family income or education and any of the three outcomes. Conclusions. Income and education weren't determinants for low birthweight, small-for-gestational-age birth, or preterm birth. However, black ethnicity was strongly associated with the three outcomes, especially with prematurity.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Encontrar evidencia de que los ingresos, la educación o la etnicidad podrían estar asociados con el peso bajo al nacer, el peso bajo para la edad gestacional o el nacimiento prematuro. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática mediante búsquedas en dos bases de datos en línea, PubMed y LILACS (Literature in the Health Sciences in Latin America and the Caribbean). Las búsquedas abarcaron los materiales publicados entre el 1 de enero de 1982 y el 5 de mayo del 2016. Los términos de búsqueda usados fueron (“infant, premature” O “infant, small for gestational age” O “fetal growth retardation”) [“lactante, prematuro” O “lactante, pequeño para edad gestacional” O “retraso del crecimiento fetal”] Y (“socioeconomic factors” O “ethnic group”) [“factores socioeconómicos” O “grupos étnicos” O “edad materna”]. Resultados. Se analizó un total de 3 070 referencias que satisficieron los criterios de selección iniciales y se leyeron íntegramente 157 estudios pertinentes. Ubicamos 18 estudios que investigaron las asociaciones entre los ingresos, la educación o la etnicidad de la familia o la madre y el peso bajo al nacer, el peso bajo para la edad gestacional o el nacimiento prematuro. De estos 18 estudios, 10 fueron en países de ingresos altos y 8 en países de ingresos medianos o bajos. Se encontró más evidencia con respecto a la asociación entre la etnicidad y los tres resultados estudiados, en particular para la prematuridad en los hijos de mujeres de raza negra. Fue poca la evidencia respecto de la asociación entre los ingresos o la educación de la madre o la familia y cualquiera de los tres resultados. Conclusiones. Los ingresos y la educación no fueron determinantes para el peso bajo al nacer o el peso bajo para la edad gestacional. Sin embargo, la etnicidad negra mostró una asociación estrecha con los tres resultados, especialmente con la prematuridad.

Abstract Background: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) cause infections in the female genital tract, increasing susceptibility to and infectiousness of HIV. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalence and associated factors of CT and GC infection among HIV-infected women in Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted from March to December 2015, including HIV-infected women attending referral centers in nine states of Brazil, aged 18-49 years, nonpregnant. An interview was conducted including socio-demographic, epidemiological and clinical characteristics. After the interview, gynecological examination was conducted to collect cervical cytology and vaginal secretion to C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae tests through molecular biology. Results: A total of 802 (89.1%) women participated. The prevalence of CT was 2.1% (17/802) and CG was 0.9% (7/802). The prevalence of a positive test for both CT and/or GC was 2.7%. The factors associated with positive CT/GC test in the multivariate logistic regression analysis were abnormal Papanicolau smear (OR 4.1; 95% CI: 1.54-11.09) and the presence of abnormal cervical discharge (OR 2.6; 95% CI: 1.02-6.71). Among 377 women who reported previous STI 245 (65.0%) reported using condom more frequently after being diagnosed. 62 (16.4%) discovered the STI after the partner told he was infected; 157 (41.6%) had STI symptoms and looked for care, and 158 (41.9%) discovered it in a routine consultation for another reason. Conclusions: The control of STI represents a unique opportunity to improve reproductive health of women living with HIV. STI diagnosis can change their behavior and reduce the sexual transmission of HIV and bacterial STI.